functions/Copy-SqlDatabase.ps1

Function Copy-SqlDatabase
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Migrates Sql Server databases from one Sql Server to another.

.DESCRIPTION
This script provides the ability to migrate databases using detach/copy/attach or backup/restore. This script works with named instances, clusters and Sql Express.

By default, databases will be migrated to the destination Sql Server's default data and log directories. You can override this by specifying -ReuseSourceFolderStructure. Filestreams and filegroups are also migrated. Safety is emphasized.

THIS CODE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITH NO WARRANTIES.

.PARAMETER Source
Source SQL Server.You must have sysadmin access and server version must be SQL Server version 2000 or greater.

.PARAMETER Destination
Destination Sql Server. You must have sysadmin access and server version must be SQL Server version 2000 or greater.

.PARAMETER SourceSqlCredential
Allows you to login to servers using SQL Logins as opposed to Windows Auth/Integrated/Trusted. To use:

$scred = Get-Credential, this pass $scred object to the param.

Windows Authentication will be used if DestinationSqlCredential is not specified. To connect as a different Windows user, run PowerShell as that user.

.PARAMETER DestinationSqlCredential
Allows you to login to servers using SQL Logins as opposed to Windows Auth/Integrated/Trusted. To use:

$dcred = Get-Credential, this pass this $dcred to the param.

Windows Authentication will be used if DestinationSqlCredential is not specified. To connect as a different Windows user, run PowerShell as that user.

.PARAMETER AllDatabases
This is a parameter that was included for safety, so you don't accidentally detach/attach all databases without specifying. Migrates user databases. Does not migrate system or support databases. Requires -BackupRestore or -DetachAttach.

.PARAMETER IncludeSupportDbs
Migration of ReportServer, ReportServerTempDb, SSIDb, and distribution databases if they exist. A logfile named $SOURCE-$DESTINATION-$date-Sqls.csv will be written to the current directory. Requires -BackupRestore or -DetachAttach.

.PARAMETER BackupRestore
Use the a Copy-Only Backup and Restore Method. This parameter requires that you specify -NetworkShare in a valid UNC format (\\server\share)
    
Backups will be immediately deleted after use unless -NoBackupCleanup is specified.

.PARAMETER DetachAttach
Uses the detach/copy/attach method to perform database migrations. No files are deleted on the source. If the destination attachment fails, the source database will be reattached. File copies are performed over administrative shares (\\server\x$\mssql) using BITS. If a database is being mirrored, the mirror will be broken prior to migration.

.PARAMETER Reattach
Reattaches all source databases after DetachAttach migration.

.PARAMETER ReuseSourceFolderStructure
By default, databases will be migrated to the destination Sql Server's default data and log directories.
You can override this by specifying -ReuseSourceFolderStructure.
The same structure on the SOURCE will be kept exactly, so consider this if you're migrating between
different versions and use part of Microsoft's default Sql structure (MSSql12.INSTANCE, etc)

* note, to reuse destination folder structure, specify -WithReplace

.PARAMETER NetworkShare
Specifies the network location for the backup files. The Sql Service service accounts must read/write permission to access this location.

.PARAMETER Exclude
Excludes specified databases when performing -AllDatabases migrations. This list is auto-populated for tab completion.

.PARAMETER Database
Migrates ONLY specified databases. This list is auto-populated for tab completion. Multiple databases are allowed.

.PARAMETER SetSourceReadOnly
Sets all migrated databases to ReadOnly prior to detach/attach & backup/restore. If -Reattach is used, db is set to read-only after reattach.

.PARAMETER NoRecovery
Sets restore to NoRecovery. Ideal for staging.
    
.PARAMETER WithReplace
It's exactly WITH REPLACE. This is useful if you want to stage some complex file paths.
    
.PARAMETER NoBackupCleanup
By default, backups generated by the module will be deleted immediately after they are restored. Use this to skip.

.PARAMETER CsvLog
Outputs a log in CSV format

.PARAMETER Force
Drops existing databases with matching names. If using -DetachAttach, -Force will break mirrors and drop dbs from Availability Groups.

.NOTES
Author: Chrissy LeMaire (@cl), netnerds.net
Requires: sysadmin access on SQL Servers
Limitations: Doesn't cover what it doesn't cover (replication, certificates, etc)
             Sql Server 2000 databases cannot be directly migrated to Sql Server 2012 and above.
             Logins within Sql Server 2012 and above logins cannot be migrated to Sql Server 2008 R2 and below.

dbatools PowerShell module (https://dbatools.io, clemaire@gmail.com)
Copyright (C) 2016 Chrissy LeMaire

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.


.LINK
https://dbatools.io/Copy-SqlDatabase

.EXAMPLE
Copy-SqlDatabase -Source sqlserver2014a -Destination sqlcluster -DetachAttach -Reattach

Description

Databases will be migrated from sqlserver2014a to sqlcluster using the detach/copy files/attach method.The following will be perfomed: kick all users out of the database, detach all data/log files, move files across the network over an admin share (\\SqlSERVER\M$\MSSql...), attach file on destination server, reattach at source. If the database files (*.mdf, *.ndf, *.ldf) on *destination* exist and aren't in use, they will be overwritten.


.EXAMPLE
Copy-SqlDatabase -Source sqlserver2014a -Destination sqlcluster -Exclude Northwind, pubs -IncludeSupportDbs -Force -BackupRestore \\fileshare\sql\migration

Description

Migrates all user databases except for Northwind and pubs by using backup/restore (copy-only). Backup files are stored in \\fileshare\sql\migration. If the database exists on the destination, it will be dropped prior to attach.

It also includes the support databases (ReportServer, ReportServerTempDb, distribution).

#>
    
    [CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName = "DbMigration", SupportsShouldProcess = $true)]
    Param (
        [parameter(Position = 1, Mandatory = $false)]
        [object]$Source,
        [parameter(Position = 2, Mandatory = $true)]
        [object]$Destination,
        # Skips to 4 because dynamic param Databases is su pposed to go here but it doesn't work.

        [Alias("All")]
        [parameter(Position = 4, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [parameter(Position = 4, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$AllDatabases,
        [parameter(Position = 5, Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$DetachAttach,
        [parameter(Position = 6, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$Reattach,
        [parameter(Position = 7, Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [switch]$BackupRestore,
        [parameter(Position = 8, Mandatory = $true, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup",
                   HelpMessage = "Specify a valid network share in the format \\server\share that can be accessed by your account and both Sql Server service accounts.")]
        [string]$NetworkShare,
        [parameter(Position = 9, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [switch]$WithReplace,
        [parameter(Position = 10, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [switch]$NoRecovery,
        [parameter(Position = 11, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [parameter(Position = 12, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$SetSourceReadOnly,
        [Alias("ReuseFolderstructure")]
        [parameter(Position = 13, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [parameter(Position = 14, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$ReuseSourceFolderStructure,
        [parameter(Position = 15, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [parameter(Position = 16, ParameterSetName = "DbAttachDetach")]
        [switch]$IncludeSupportDbs,
        [parameter(Position = 17, ParameterSetName = "DbBackup")]
        [switch]$NoBackupCleanup,
        [parameter(Position = 18)]
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SourceSqlCredential,
        [parameter(Position = 19)]
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$DestinationSqlCredential,
        [parameter(Position = 20)]
        [switch]$Force,
        [parameter(ValueFromPipeline = $True)]
        [object]$DbPipeline
    )
    
    DynamicParam { if ($source) { return Get-ParamSqlDatabases -SqlServer $source -SqlCredential $SourceSqlCredential } }
    
    BEGIN
    {
        
        # Global Database Function
        Function Get-SqlFileStructure
        {
            $dbcollection = @{ };
            $databaseProgressbar = 0
            
            foreach ($db in $databaselist)
            {
                Write-Progress -Id 1 -Activity "Processing database file structure" -PercentComplete ($databaseProgressbar / $dbcount * 100) -Status "Processing $databaseProgressbar of $dbcount"
                $dbname = $db.name
                Write-Verbose $dbname
                
                $databaseProgressbar++
                $dbstatus = $db.status.toString()
                if ($dbstatus.StartsWith("Normal") -eq $false) { continue }
                $destinationfiles = @{ }; $sourcefiles = @{ }
                
                if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -eq 8)
                {
                    $where = "groupid = 1"
                }
                else
                {
                    $where = "Filetype <> 'LOG' and Filetype <> 'FULLTEXT'"
                }
                
                $datarows = $dbfiletable.Tables[0].Select("dbname = '$dbname' and $where")
                
                # Data Files
                foreach ($file in $datarows)
                {
                    # Destination File Structure
                    $d = @{ }
                    if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                    {
                        $d.physical = $file.filename
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver data
                        $filename = Split-Path $($file.filename) -leaf
                        $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
                    }
                    $d.logical = $file.name
                    $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $destnetbios $d.physical
                    $destinationfiles.add($file.name, $d)
                    
                    # Source File Structure
                    $s = @{ }
                    $s.logical = $file.name
                    $s.physical = $file.filename
                    $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $sourcenetbios $s.physical
                    $sourcefiles.add($file.name, $s)
                }
                
                # Add support for Full Text Catalogs in Sql Server 2005 and below
                if ($sourceserver.VersionMajor -lt 10)
                {
                    $fttable = $null = $sourceserver.Databases[$dbname].ExecuteWithResults('sp_help_fulltext_catalogs')
                    
                    foreach ($ftc in $fttable.Tables[0].rows)
                    {
                        # Destination File Structure
                        $d = @{ }
                        $pre = "sysft_"
                        $name = $ftc.name
                        $physical = $ftc.Path # RootPath
                        $logical = "$pre$name"
                        if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                        {
                            $d.physical = $physical
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver data
                            if ($destserver.VersionMajor -lt 10) { $directory = "$directory\FTDATA" }
                            $filename = Split-Path($physical) -leaf
                            $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
                        }
                        $d.logical = $logical
                        $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $destnetbios $d.physical
                        $destinationfiles.add($logical, $d)
                        
                        # Source File Structure
                        $s = @{ }
                        $pre = "sysft_"
                        $name = $ftc.name
                        $physical = $ftc.Path # RootPath
                        $logical = "$pre$name"
                        
                        $s.logical = $logical
                        $s.physical = $physical
                        $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $sourcenetbios $s.physical
                        $sourcefiles.add($logical, $s)
                    }
                }
                
                if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -eq 8)
                {
                    $where = "groupid <> 1"
                }
                else
                {
                    $where = "Filetype = 'LOG'"
                }
                
                $datarows = $dbfiletable.Tables[0].Select("dbname = '$dbname' and $where")
                
                # Log Files
                foreach ($file in $datarows)
                {
                    $d = @{ }
                    if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                    {
                        $d.physical = $file.filename
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver log
                        $filename = Split-Path $($file.filename) -leaf
                        $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
                    }
                    $d.logical = $file.name
                    $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $destnetbios $d.physical
                    $destinationfiles.add($file.name, $d)
                    
                    $s = @{ }
                    $s.logical = $file.name
                    $s.physical = $file.filename
                    $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUNC $sourcenetbios $s.physical
                    $sourcefiles.add($file.name, $s)
                }
                
                $location = @{ }
                $location.add("Destination", $destinationfiles)
                $location.add("Source", $sourcefiles)
                $dbcollection.Add($($db.name), $location)
            }
            
            $filestructure = [pscustomobject]@{ "databases" = $dbcollection }
            Write-Progress -id 1 -Activity "Processing database file structure" -Status "Completed" -Completed
            return $filestructure
        }
        
        # Backup Restore
        Function Backup-SqlDatabase
        {
            [CmdletBinding()]
            param (
                [object]$server,
                [string]$dbname,
                [string]$backupfile
            )
            
            $server.ConnectionContext.StatementTimeout = 0
            $backup = New-Object "Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Backup"
            $backup.Action = "Database"
            $backup.CopyOnly = $true
            $device = New-Object "Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.BackupDeviceItem"
            $device.DeviceType = "File"
            $device.Name = $backupfile
            $backup.Devices.Add($device)
            $backup.Database = $dbname
            
            $percent = [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.PercentCompleteEventHandler] {
                Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Backing up database $dbname to $backupfile" -percentcomplete $_.Percent -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", $_.Percent))
            }
            $backup.add_PercentComplete($percent)
            $backup.add_Complete($complete)
            
            Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Backing up database $dbname to $backupfile" -percentcomplete 0 -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", 0))
            Write-Output "Backing up $dbname"
            
            try
            {
                $backup.SqlBackup($server)
                Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Backing up database $dbname to $backupfile" -status "Complete" -Completed
                Write-Output "Backup succeeded"
                return $true
            }
            catch
            {
                Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Backup" -status "Failed" -completed
                Write-Exception $_
                return $false
            }
        }
        
        Function Restore-SqlDatabase
        {
            [CmdletBinding()]
            param (
                [object]$server,
                [string]$dbname,
                [string]$backupfile,
                [object]$filestructure
            )
            
            $servername = $server.name
            $server.ConnectionContext.StatementTimeout = 0
            $restore = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Restore
            
            if ($WithReplace -eq $false -or $server.databases[$dbname] -eq $null)
            {
                foreach ($file in $filestructure.databases[$dbname].destination.values)
                {
                    $movefile = New-Object "Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.RelocateFile"
                    $movefile.LogicalFileName = $file.logical
                    $movefile.PhysicalFileName = $file.physical
                    $null = $restore.RelocateFiles.Add($movefile)
                }
            }
            
            Write-Output "Restoring $dbname to $servername"
            
            try
            {
                
                $percent = [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.PercentCompleteEventHandler] {
                    Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -percentcomplete $_.Percent -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", $_.Percent))
                }
                $restore.add_PercentComplete($percent)
                $restore.PercentCompleteNotification = 1
                $restore.add_Complete($complete)
                $restore.ReplaceDatabase = $true
                $restore.Database = $dbname
                $restore.Action = "Database"
                $restore.NoRecovery = $NoRecovery
                $device = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.BackupDeviceItem
                $device.name = $backupfile
                $device.devicetype = "File"
                $restore.Devices.Add($device)
                
                Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -percentcomplete 0 -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", 0))
                $restore.sqlrestore($server)
                Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -status "Complete" -Completed
                
                If ($NoBackupCleanup -eq $false)
                {
                    If (Test-Path $backupfile)
                    {
                        Remove-Item $backupfile
                    }
                }
                
                return $true
            }
            catch
            {
                write-warning "Restore failed: $($_.Exception.InnerException.Message)"
                Write-Exception $_
                return $false
            }
        }
        
        Function Start-SqlBackupRestore
        {
            $filename = "$dbname-$timenow.bak"
            $backupfile = Join-Path $networkshare $filename
            
            $backupresult = Backup-SqlDatabase $sourceserver $dbname $backupfile
            
            if ($backupresult)
            {
                $restoreresult = Restore-SqlDatabase $destserver $dbname $backupfile $filestructure
                
                if ($restoreresult)
                {
                    # RESTORE was successful
                    Write-Output "Successfully restored $dbname to $destination"
                    return $true
                    
                }
                else
                {
                    # RESTORE was unsuccessful
                    if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                    {
                        Write-Error "Failed to restore $dbname to $destination. You specified -ReuseSourceFolderStructure. Does the exact same destination directory structure exist?"
                        return "Failed to restore $dbname to $destination using ReuseSourceFolderStructure."
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Write-Error "Failed to restore $dbname to $destination"
                        return "Failed to restore $dbname to $destination."
                    }
                }
                
            }
            else
            {
                # add to failed because BACKUP was unsuccessful
                Write-Error "Backup Failed. Does Sql Server account ($($sourceserver.ServiceAccount)) have access to $($NetworkShare)?"
                return "Backup Failed. Does Sql Server account ($($sourceserver.ServiceAccount)) have access to $NetworkShare` and does the fileshare have space?"
            }
        }
        
        # Detach Attach
        Function Dismount-SqlDatabase
        {
            [CmdletBinding()]
            param (
                [object]$server,
                [string]$dbname
            )
            
            $database = $server.databases[$dbname]
            if ($database.IsMirroringEnabled)
            {
                try
                {
                    Write-Warning "Breaking mirror for $dbname"
                    $database.ChangeMirroringState([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.MirroringOption]::Off)
                    $database.Alter()
                    $database.Refresh()
                    Write-Warning "Could not break mirror for $dbname. Skipping."
                    
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Exception $_
                    return $false
                }
            }
            
            if ($database.AvailabilityGroupName.Length -gt 0)
            {
                $agname = $database.AvailabilityGroupName
                Write-Output "Attempting remove from Availability Group $agname"
                try
                {
                    $server.AvailabilityGroups[$database.AvailabilityGroupName].AvailabilityDatabases[$dbname].Drop()
                    Write-Output "Successfully removed $dbname from detach from $agname on $($server.name)"
                }
                catch { Write-Error "Could not remove $dbname from $agname on $($server.name)"; Write-Exception $_; return $false }
            }
            
            Write-Output "Attempting detach from $dbname from $source"
            
            ####### Using Sql to detach does not modify the $database collection #######
            
            $server.KillAllProcesses($dbname)
            
            try
            {
                $sql = "ALTER DATABASE [$dbname] SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE"
                Write-Verbose $sql
                $null = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteNonQuery($sql)
                Write-Output "Successfully set $dbname to single-user from $source"
            }
            catch
            {
                Write-Exception $_
            }
            
            try
            {
                $sql = "EXEC master.dbo.sp_detach_db N'$dbname'"
                Write-Verbose $sql
                $null = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteNonQuery($sql)
                Write-Output "Successfully detached $dbname from $source"
            }
            catch
            {
                Write-Exception $_
            }
            
        }
        
        Function Mount-SqlDatabase
        {
            [CmdletBinding()]
            param (
                [object]$server,
                [string]$dbname,
                [object]$filestructure,
                [string]$dbowner
            )
            
            if ($server.Logins.Item($dbowner) -eq $null)
            {
                try
                {
                    $dbowner = ($destserver.logins | Where-Object { $_.id -eq 1 }).Name
                }
                catch
                {
                    $dbowner = "sa"
                }
            }
            try
            {
                $null = $server.AttachDatabase($dbname, $filestructure, $dbowner, [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.AttachOptions]::None)
                return $true
            }
            catch { Write-Exception $_; return $false }
        }
        
        Function Start-SqlFileTransfer
        {
            <#

            SYNOPSIS
            Internal function. Uses BITS to transfer detached files (.mdf, .ndf, .ldf, and filegroups) to
            another server over admin UNC paths. Locations of data files are kept in the
            custom object generated by Get-SqlFileStructure

            #>
            
            param (
                [object]$filestructure,
                [string]$dbname
            )
            
            $copydb = $filestructure.databases[$dbname]
            $dbsource = $copydb.source
            $dbdestination = $copydb.destination
            
            foreach ($file in $dbsource.keys)
            {
                $remotefilename = $dbdestination[$file].remotefilename
                $from = $dbsource[$file].remotefilename
                try
                {
                    if (Test-Path $from -pathtype container)
                    {
                        $null = New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $remotefilename -Force
                        Start-BitsTransfer -Source "$from\*.*" -Destination $remotefilename
                        
                        $directories = (Get-ChildItem -recurse $from | where { $_.PsIsContainer }).FullName
                        foreach ($directory in $directories)
                        {
                            $newdirectory = $directory.replace($from, $remotefilename)
                            $null = New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $newdirectory -Force
                            Start-BitsTransfer -Source "$directory\*.*" -Destination $newdirectory
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Write-Host "Copying $fn for $dbname"
                        Start-BitsTransfer -Source $from -Destination $remotefilename
                    }
                    $fn = Split-Path $($dbdestination[$file].physical) -leaf
                }
                catch
                {
                    try
                    {
                        # Sometimes BITS trips out temporarily on cloned drives.
                        Start-BitsTransfer -Source $from -Destination $remotefilename
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        throw "$_ `n This sometimes happens with cloned VMs. You can try again or use Backup and Restore"
                    }
                }
            }
            return $true
        }
        
        Function Start-SqlDetachAttach
        {
            <#

            .SYNOPSIS
            Internal function. Performs checks, then executes Dismount-SqlDatabase on a database, copies its files to the new server,
            then performs Mount-SqlDatabase. $sourceserver and $destserver are SMO server objects.
            $filestructure is a custom object generated by Get-SqlFileStructure

            #>

            [CmdletBinding()]
            param (
                [object]$sourceserver,
                [object]$destserver,
                [object]$filestructure,
                [string]$dbname
            )
            
            $destfilestructure = New-Object System.Collections.Specialized.StringCollection
            $sourcefilestructure = New-Object System.Collections.Specialized.StringCollection
            $dbowner = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].owner
            
            if ($dbowner -eq $null)
            {
                try
                {
                    $dbowner = ($destserver.logins | Where-Object { $_.id -eq 1 }).Name
                }
                catch
                {
                    $dbowner = "sa"
                }
            }
            
            foreach ($file in $filestructure.databases[$dbname].destination.values) { $null = $destfilestructure.add($file.physical) }
            foreach ($file in $filestructure.databases[$dbname].source.values) { $null = $sourcefilestructure.add($file.physical) }
            
            $detachresult = Dismount-SqlDatabase $sourceserver $dbname
            
            if ($detachresult)
            {
                
                $transfer = Start-SqlFileTransfer $filestructure $dbname
                if ($transfer -eq $false) { Write-Warning "Could not copy files."; return "Could not copy files." }
                $attachresult = Mount-SqlDatabase $destserver $dbname $destfilestructure $dbowner
                
                if ($attachresult -eq $true)
                {
                    # add to added dbs because ATTACH was successful
                    Write-Output "Successfully attached $dbname to $destination"
                    return $true
                }
                else
                {
                    # add to failed because ATTACH was unsuccessful
                    Write-Warning "Could not attach $dbname."
                    return "Could not attach database."
                }
            }
            else
            {
                # add to failed because DETACH was unsuccessful
                Write-Warning "Could not detach $dbname."
                return "Could not detach database."
            }
        }
        
    }
    
    PROCESS
    {
        
        # Convert from RuntimeDefinedParameter object to regular array
        $databases = $psboundparameters.Databases
        $exclude = $psboundparameters.Exclude
        
        if (($AllDatabases -or $IncludeSupportDbs -or $Databases) -and !$DetachAttach -and !$BackupRestore)
        {
            throw "You must specify -DetachAttach or -BackupRestore when migrating databases."
        }
        
        if ($DbPipeline.Length -gt 0)
        {
            $Source = $DbPipeline[0].parent.name
            $Databases = $DbPipeline.name
        }
        
        if ($databases -contains "master" -or $databases -contains "msdb" -or $databases -contains "tempdb") { throw "Migrating system databases is not currently supported." }
        
        if (!$AllDatabases -and !$IncludeSupportDbs -and !$Databases)
        {
            throw "You must specify a -AllDatabases or -Database to continue."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Attempting to connect to Sql Servers.."
        $sourceserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Source -SqlCredential $SourceSqlCredential
        $destserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Destination -SqlCredential $DestinationSqlCredential
        
        $source = $sourceserver.DomainInstanceName
        $destination = $destserver.DomainInstanceName
        
        if ($NetworkShare.Length -gt 0)
        {
            if ($(Test-SqlPath -SqlServer $Source -Path $NetworkShare) -eq $false)
            {
                throw "$Source cannot access $NetworkShare"
            }
            
            if ($(Test-SqlPath -SqlServer $Destination -Path $NetworkShare) -eq $false)
            {
                throw "$Destination cannot access $NetworkShare"
            }
        }
        
        Write-Output "Resolving NetBIOS names"
        $sourcenetbios = Resolve-NetBiosName $sourceserver
        $destnetbios = Resolve-NetBiosName $destserver
        
        Write-Output "Performing SMO version check"
        Invoke-SmoCheck -SqlServer $sourceserver
        Invoke-SmoCheck -SqlServer $destserver
        
        $migrateddb = @{ }; $skippedb = @{ }
        
        Write-Output "Checking to ensure the source isn't the same as the destination"
        if ($sourceserver.DomainInstanceName -eq $destserver.DomainInstanceName)
        {
            if ($sourceserver.ServiceName -eq $destserver.ServiceName)
            {
                throw "Source and Destination Sql Servers instances are the same. Quitting."
            }
        }
        
        if ($NetworkShare.Length -gt 0)
        {
            Write-Output "Checking to ensure network path is valid"
            if (!($NetworkShare.StartsWith("\\")))
            {
                throw "Network share must be a valid UNC path (\\server\share)."
            }
            
            if (!(Test-Path $NetworkShare))
            {
                Write-Warning "$networkshare share cannot be accessed. Still trying anyway, in case the SQL Server service accounts have access."
            }
        }
        
        Write-Output "Checking to ensure server is not SQL Server 7 or below"
        if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -lt 8 -and $destserver.versionMajor -lt 8)
        {
            throw "This script can only be run on Sql Server 2000 and above. Quitting."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Checking to ensure detach/attach is not attempted on SQL Server 2000"
        if ($destserver.versionMajor -lt 9 -and $DetachAttach)
        {
            throw "Detach/Attach not supported when destination Sql Server is version 2000. Quitting."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Checking to ensure SQL Server 2000 migration isn't directly attempted to SQL Server 2012"
        if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -lt 9 -and $destserver.versionMajor -gt 10)
        {
            throw "Sql Server 2000 databases cannot be migrated to Sql Server versions 2012 and above. Quitting."
        }
        
        Write-Verbose "Warning if migration from 2005 to 2012 and above and attach/detach is used."
        if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -eq 9 -and $destserver.versionMajor -gt 9 -and !$BackupRestore -and !$Force -and $DetachAttach)
        {
            throw "Backup and restore is the safest method for migrating from Sql Server 2005 to other Sql Server versions.
        Please use the -BackupRestore switch or override this requirement by specifying -Force."

        }
        
        
        if ($sourceserver.collation -ne $destserver.collation)
        {
            Write-Output "Warning on different collation"
            Write-Warning "Collation on $Source, $($sourceserver.collation) differs from the $Destination, $($destserver.collation)."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Ensuring user databases exist (counting databases)"
        $dbtotal = $sourceserver.Databases.count
        if ($dbtotal -le 4)
        {
            throw "No user databases to migrate. Quitting."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Ensuring destination server version is equal to or greater than source"
        if ([version]$sourceserver.ResourceVersionString -gt [version]$destserver.ResourceVersionString)
        {
            throw "Source Sql Server version build must be <= destination Sql Server for database migration."
        }
        
        Write-Output "Writing warning about filestream being enabled"
        if ($fswarning) { Write-Warning "FILESTREAM enabled on $source but not $destination. Databases that use FILESTREAM will be skipped." }
        
        if ($DetachAttach -eq $true)
        {
            Write-Output "Checking access to remote directories"
            $remotesourcepath = Join-AdminUNC $sourcenetbios (Get-SqlDefaultPaths $sourceserver data)
            
            If ((Test-Path $remotesourcepath) -ne $true -and $DetachAttach)
            {
                Write-Error "Can't access remote Sql directories on $source which is required to perform detach/copy/attach."
                Write-Error "You can manually try accessing $remotesourcepath to diagnose any issues."
                Write-Error "Halting database migration."
                return
            }
            
            $remotedestpath = Join-AdminUNC $destnetbios (Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver data)
            If ((Test-Path $remotedestpath) -ne $true -and $DetachAttach)
            {
                Write-Error "Can't access remote Sql directories on $destination which is required to perform detach/copy/attach."
                Write-Error "You can manually try accessing $remotedestpath to diagnose any issues."
                Write-Error "Halting database migration."
                return
            }
        }
        
        if (($Databases -or $Exclude -or $IncludeSupportDbs) -and (!$DetachAttach -and !$BackupRestore))
        {
            throw "You did not select a migration method. Please use -BackupRestore or -DetachAttach"
        }
        
        if ((!$Databases -and !$AllDatabases -and !$IncludeSupportDbs) -and ($DetachAttach -or $BackupRestore))
        {
            throw "You did not select any databases to migrate. Please use -AllDatabases or -Databases or -IncludeSupportDbs"
        }
        
        # SMO's filestreamlevel is sometimes null
        $sql = "select coalesce(SERVERPROPERTY('FilestreamConfiguredLevel'),0) as fs"
        $sourcefilestream = $sourceserver.ConnectionContext.ExecuteScalar($sql)
        $destfilestream = $destserver.ConnectionContext.ExecuteScalar($sql)
        if ($sourcefilestream -gt 0 -and $destfilestream -eq 0) { $fswarning = $true }

        Write-Output "Building database list"
        $databaselist = New-Object System.Collections.ArrayList
        $SupportDBs = "ReportServer", "ReportServerTempDB", "distribution"
        foreach ($database in $sourceserver.Databases)
        {
            $dbname = $database.name
            $dbowner = $database.Owner
            
            if ($database.id -le 4) { continue }
            if ($Databases -and $Databases -notcontains $dbname) { continue }
            if ($IncludeSupportDBs -eq $false -and $SupportDBs -contains $dbname) { continue }
            if ($IncludeSupportDBs -eq $true -and $SupportDBs -notcontains $dbname)
            {
                if ($AllDatabases -eq $false -and $Databases.length -eq 0) { continue }
            }
            $null = $databaselist.Add($database)
        }
        
        Write-Verbose "Performing count"
        $dbcount = $databaselist.Count
        Write-Output "Building file structure inventory for $dbcount databases"
        
        if ($server.versionMajor -eq 8)
        {
            $sql = "select DB_NAME (dbid) as dbname, name, filename, groupid from sysaltfiles"
        }
        else
        {
            $sql = "SELECT db.name AS dbname, type_desc AS FileType, mf.name, Physical_Name AS filename FROM sys.master_files mf INNER JOIN sys.databases db ON db.database_id = mf.database_id"
        }
        
        $dbfiletable = $sourceserver.Databases['master'].ExecuteWithResults($sql)
        $filestructure = Get-SqlFileStructure -sourceserver $sourceserver -destserver $destserver -databaselist $databaselist -ReuseSourceFolderStructure $ReuseSourceFolderStructure
        
        $elapsed = [System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch]::StartNew()
        $started = Get-Date
        $script:timenow = (Get-Date -uformat "%m%d%Y%H%M%S")
        
        $alldbelapsed = [System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch]::StartNew()
        
        if ($AllDatabases -or $Exclude.length -gt 0 -or $IncludeSupportDbs -or $Databases.length -gt 0)
        {
            $sa = $changedbowner
            
            $exclude | Where-Object { !([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($_)) } | ForEach-Object { $skippedb.Add($_, "Explicitly Skipped") }
            
            foreach ($database in $databaselist)
            {
                $dbelapsed = [System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch]::StartNew()
                $dbname = $database.name
                $dbowner = $database.Owner
                
                Write-Output "`n######### Database: $dbname #########"
                $dbstart = Get-Date
                
                if ($skippedb.ContainsKey($dbname) -and $Databases -eq $null)
                {
                    Write-Output "`nSkipping $dbname"
                    continue
                }
                
                Write-Verbose "Checking for accessibility"
                if ($database.IsAccessible -eq $false)
                {
                    Write-Warning "Skipping $dbname. Database is inaccessible."
                    $skippedb.Add($dbname, "Skipped. Database is inaccessible.")
                    continue
                }
                
                if ($fswarning)
                {
                    $fsrows = $dbfiletable.Tables[0].Select("dbname = '$dbname' and FileType = 'FileStream'")
                    
                    if ($fsrows.count -gt 0)
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Skipping $dbname (contains FILESTREAM)"
                        $skippedb.Add($dbname, "Skipped. Database contains FILESTREAM and FILESTREAM is disabled on $destination.")
                        continue
                    }
                }
                
                if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                {
                    $fgrows = $dbfiletable.Tables[0].Select("dbname = '$dbname' and FileType = 'ROWS'")[0]
                    $remotepath = Split-Path $fgrows
                    $remotepath = Join-AdminUNC $destnetbios $remotepath
                    
                    if (!(Test-Path $remotepath)) { throw "Cannot resolve $remotepath. `n`nYou have specified ReuseSourceFolderStructure and exact folder structure does not exist. Halting script." }
                }
                
                Write-Verbose "Ensuring AG stuff"
                if ($database.AvailabilityGroupName.Length -gt 0 -and !$force -and $DetachAttach)
                {
                    $agname = $database.AvailabilityGroupName
                    Write-Warning "Database is part of an Availability Group ($agname). Use -Force to drop from $agname and migrate. Alternatively, you can use the safer backup/restore method."
                    $skippedb[$dbname] = "Database is part of an Availability Group ($agname) and -force was not specified. Skipped."
                    continue
                }
                
                $dbstatus = $database.status.toString()
                
                if ($dbstatus.StartsWith("Normal") -eq $false)
                {
                    Write-Warning "$dbname is not in a Normal state. Skipping."
                    continue
                }
                
                if ($database.ReplicationOptions -ne "None" -and $DetachAttach -eq $true)
                {
                    Write-Warning "$dbname is part of replication. Skipping."
                    continue
                }
                
                
                if ($database.IsMirroringEnabled -and !$force -and $DetachAttach)
                {
                    Write-Warning "Database is being mirrored. Use -Force to break mirror and migrate. Alternatively, you can use the safer backup/restore method."
                    $skippedb[$dbname] = "Database is being mirrored and -force was not specified. Skipped."
                    continue
                }
                
                if (($destserver.Databases[$dbname] -ne $null) -and !$force -and !$WithReplace)
                {
                    Write-Warning "Database exists at destination. Use -Force to drop and migrate."
                    $skippedb[$dbname] = "Database exists at destination. Use -Force to drop and migrate."
                    continue
                }
                elseif ($destserver.Databases[$dbname] -ne $null -and $force)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "DROP DATABASE $dbname"))
                    {
                        Write-Output "$dbname already exists. -Force was specified. Dropping $dbname on $destination."
                        $dropresult = Remove-SqlDatabase $destserver $dbname
                        if ($dropresult -eq $false) { $skippedb[$dbname] = "Database exists and could not be dropped."; continue }
                    }
                }
                
                
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess("console", "Showing start time"))
                {
                    Write-Output "Started: $dbstart"
                }
                
                if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -ge 9)
                {
                    $sourcedbownerchaining = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].DatabaseOwnershipChaining
                    $sourcedbtrustworthy = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].Trustworthy
                    $sourcedbbrokerenabled = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].BrokerEnabled
                    
                }
                
                $sourcedbreadonly = $sourceserver.Databases[$dbname].ReadOnly
                
                if ($SetSourceReadOnly)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($source, "Set $dbname to read-only"))
                    {
                        Write-Output "Setting database to read-only"
                        $result = Update-SqldbReadOnly $sourceserver $dbname $true
                    }
                }
                
                if ($BackupRestore)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Backup $dbname from $source and restoring."))
                    {
                        $result = (Start-SqlBackupRestore $sourceserver $destserver $dbname $networkshare)
                        $dbfinish = Get-Date
                        if ($result -eq $true)
                        {
                            Write-Output "Successfully restored $dbname"
                            $migrateddb.Add($dbname, "Successfully migrated,$dbstart,$dbfinish")
                            if (!$norecovery) { $result = Update-Sqldbowner $sourceserver $destserver -dbname $dbname }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Write-Output "Failed to restore $dbname"
                            $skippedb[$dbname] = $result
                        }
                    }
                } # End of backup
                
                elseif ($DetachAttach)
                {
                    $sourcefilestructure = New-Object System.Collections.Specialized.StringCollection
                    foreach ($file in $filestructure.databases[$dbname].source.values) { $null = $sourcefilestructure.add($file.physical) }
                    
                    $dbowner = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].owner
                    
                    if ($dbowner -eq $null)
                    {
                        $dbowner = ($destserver.logins | Where-Object { $_.id -eq 1 }).Name
                    }
                    
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Detach $dbname from $source and attach, then update dbowner"))
                    {
                        $result = Start-SqlDetachAttach $sourceserver $destserver $filestructure $dbname
                        $dbfinish = Get-Date
                        if ($result -eq $true)
                        {
                            $migrateddb.Add($dbname, "Successfully migrated,$dbstart,$dbfinish")
                            if (!$norecovery) { $result = Update-Sqldbowner $sourceserver $destserver -dbname $dbname }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Write-Output "Failed to attach $dbname"
                            $skippedb[$dbname] = $result
                        }
                        
                        if ($Reattach)
                        {
                            $null = ($sourceserver.databases).Refresh()
                            $result = Mount-SqlDatabase $sourceserver $dbname $sourcefilestructure $dbowner
                            if ($result -eq $true)
                            {
                                $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].DatabaseOwnershipChaining = $sourcedbownerchaining
                                $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].Trustworthy = $sourcedbtrustworthy
                                $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].BrokerEnabled = $sourcedbbrokerenabled
                                $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].alter()
                                if ($SetSourceReadOnly)
                                {
                                    $null = Update-SqldbReadOnly $sourceserver $dbname $true
                                }
                                else { $null = Update-SqldbReadOnly $sourceserver $dbname $sourcedbreadonly }
                                Write-Output "Successfully reattached $dbname to $source"
                                
                            }
                            else { Write-Warning "Could not reattach $dbname to $source." }
                        }
                    }
                } #end of if detach/backup
                
                # restore poentially lost settings
                
                if ($destserver.versionMajor -ge 9 -and $norecovery -eq $false)
                {
                    
                    if ($sourcedbownerchaining -ne $destserver.databases[$dbname].DatabaseOwnershipChaining)
                    {
                        If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Updating DatabaseOwnershipChaining on $dbname"))
                        {
                            try
                            {
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].DatabaseOwnershipChaining = $sourcedbownerchaining
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].alter()
                                Write-Output "Successfully updated DatabaseOwnershipChaining for $sourcedbownerchaining on $dbname on $destination"
                            }
                            catch { Write-Error "Failed to update DatabaseOwnershipChaining for $sourcedbownerchaining on $dbname on $destination"; Write-Exception $_ }
                        }
                    }
                    
                    if ($sourcedbtrustworthy -ne $destserver.databases[$dbname].Trustworthy)
                    {
                        If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Updating Trustworthy on $dbname"))
                        {
                            try
                            {
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].Trustworthy = $sourcedbtrustworthy
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].alter()
                                Write-Output "Successfully updated Trustworthy to $sourcedbtrustworthy for $dbname on $destination"
                            }
                            catch { Write-Error "Failed to update Trustworthy to $sourcedbtrustworthy for $dbname on $destination"; Write-Exception $_ }
                        }
                    }
                    
                    if ($sourcedbbrokerenabled -ne $destserver.databases[$dbname].BrokerEnabled)
                    {
                        If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Updating BrokerEnabled on $dbname"))
                        {
                            try
                            {
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].BrokerEnabled = $sourcedbbrokerenabled
                                $destserver.databases[$dbname].alter()
                                Write-Output "Successfully updated BrokerEnabled to $sourcedbbrokerenabled for $dbname on $destination"
                            }
                            catch { Write-Error "Failed to update BrokerEnabled to $sourcedbbrokerenabled for $dbname on $destination"; Write-Exception $_ }
                        }
                    }
                }
                
                if ($sourcedbreadonly -ne $destserver.databases[$dbname].ReadOnly -and $norecovery -eq $false)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Updating ReadOnly status on $dbname"))
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            $result = Update-SqldbReadOnly $destserver $dbname $sourcedbreadonly
                        }
                        catch { Write-Error "Failed to update ReadOnly status on $dbname"; Write-Exception $_ }
                    }
                }
                
                
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess("console", "Showing elapsed time"))
                {
                    $dbtotaltime = $dbfinish - $dbstart
                    $dbtotaltime = ($dbtotaltime.toString().Split(".")[0])
                    
                    Write-Output "Finished: $dbfinish"
                    Write-Output "Elapsed time: $dbtotaltime"
                }
                
            } # end db by db processing
        }
        
        if ($csvlog)
        {
            
            $script:csvfilename = "$($sourceserver.name.replace('\', '$'))-to-$($destserver.name.replace('\', '$'))-$timenow-db.csv"
            Set-Content -Path "$csvfilename" "Database Name, Result, Start, Finish"
            
            $migrateddb.GetEnumerator() | Sort-Object value; $skippedb.GetEnumerator() | Sort-Object value
            
            foreach ($db in $migrateddb.GetEnumerator()) { Add-Content -Path $csvfilename "$($db.name),$($db.value)" }
            foreach ($db in $migrateddb.GetEnumerator()) { Add-Content -Path $csvfilename "$($db.name),$($db.value)" }
            
            $alldbtotaltime = ($alldbelapsed.Elapsed.toString().Split(".")[0])
            Add-Content -Path $csvfilename "`r`nElapsed time,$alldbtotaltime"
            
        }
    }
    
    END
    {
        If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess("console", "Showing migration time elapsed"))
        {
            $totaltime = ($elapsed.Elapsed.toString().Split(".")[0])
            $sourceserver.ConnectionContext.Disconnect()
            $destserver.ConnectionContext.Disconnect()
            Write-Output "`nDatabase migration finished"
            Write-Output "Migration started: $started"
            Write-Output "Migration completed: $(Get-Date)"
            Write-Output "Total Elapsed time: $totaltime"
            if ($networkshare.length -gt 0 -and $NoBackupCleanup) { Write-Warning "Backups still exist at $networkshare." }
        }
    }
}