functions/SharedFunctions.ps1

# These are shared, mostly internal functions.

Function Update-dbatools
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Exported function. Updates dbatools. Deletes current copy and replaces it with freshest copy.

.EXAMPLE
Update-dbatools
#>
    
    
    Invoke-Expression (Invoke-WebRequest -UseBasicParsing http://git.io/vn1hQ).Content
}

Function Connect-SqlServer
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function that creates SMO server object. Input can be text or SMO.Server.
#>
    
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential,
        [switch]$ParameterConnection,
        [switch]$RegularUser
    )
    
    
    $username = $SqlCredential.username
    if ($username -ne $null)
    {
        $username = $username.TrimStart("\")
        if ($username -like "*\*") { throw "Only SQL Logins can be specified when using the Credential parameter. To connect as to SQL Server a different Windows user, you must start PowerShell as that user." }
    }
    
    if ($SqlServer.GetType() -eq [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server])
    {
        
        if ($ParameterConnection)
        {
            $paramserver = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server
            $paramserver.ConnectionContext.ConnectTimeout = 2
            $paramserver.ConnectionContext.ApplicationName = "dbatools PowerShell module - dbatools.io"
            $paramserver.ConnectionContext.ConnectionString = $SqlServer.ConnectionContext.ConnectionString
            $paramserver.ConnectionContext.Connect()
            return $paramserver
        }
        
        if ($SqlServer.ConnectionContext.IsOpen -eq $false)
        {
            $SqlServer.ConnectionContext.Connect()
        }
        return $SqlServer
    }
    
    $server = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server $SqlServer
    $server.ConnectionContext.ApplicationName = "dbatools PowerShell module - dbatools.io"
    
    try
    {
        if ($SqlCredential.username -ne $null)
        {
            $server.ConnectionContext.LoginSecure = $false
            $server.ConnectionContext.set_Login($username)
            $server.ConnectionContext.set_SecurePassword($SqlCredential.Password)
        }
    }
    catch { }
    
    try
    {
        if ($ParameterConnection)
        {
            $server.ConnectionContext.ConnectTimeout = 2
        }
        else
        {
            $server.ConnectionContext.ConnectTimeout = 3
        }
        
        $server.ConnectionContext.Connect()
    }
    catch
    {
        $message = $_.Exception.InnerException.InnerException
        $message = $message.ToString()
        $message = ($message -Split '-->')[0]
        $message = ($message -Split 'at System.Data.SqlClient')[0]
        $message = ($message -Split 'at System.Data.ProviderBase')[0]
        throw "Can't connect to $sqlserver`: $message "
    }
    
    if ($RegularUser -eq $false)
    {
        if ($server.ConnectionContext.FixedServerRoles -notmatch "SysAdmin")
        {
            throw "Not a sysadmin on $source. Quitting."
        }
    }
    
    if ($ParameterConnection -eq $false)
    {
        if ($server.VersionMajor -eq 8)
        {
            # 2000
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Database], 'ReplicationOptions','Collation', 'CompatibilityLevel', 'CreateDate', 'ID', 'IsAccessible', 'IsFullTextEnabled', 'IsUpdateable', 'LastBackupDate', 'LastDifferentialBackupDate', 'LastLogBackupDate', 'Name', 'Owner', 'PrimaryFilePath', 'ReadOnly', 'RecoveryModel', 'Status', 'Version')
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Login], 'CreateDate', 'DateLastModified', 'DefaultDatabase', 'DenyWindowsLogin', 'IsSystemObject', 'Language', 'LanguageAlias', 'LoginType', 'Name', 'Sid', 'WindowsLoginAccessType')
        }
        
        
        elseif ($server.VersionMajor -eq 9 -or $server.VersionMajor -eq 10)
        {
            # 2005 and 2008
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Database], 'ReplicationOptions','BrokerEnabled', 'Collation', 'CompatibilityLevel', 'CreateDate', 'ID', 'IsAccessible', 'IsFullTextEnabled', 'IsMirroringEnabled', 'IsUpdateable', 'LastBackupDate', 'LastDifferentialBackupDate', 'LastLogBackupDate', 'Name', 'Owner', 'PrimaryFilePath', 'ReadOnly', 'RecoveryModel', 'Status', 'Trustworthy', 'Version')
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Login], 'AsymmetricKey', 'Certificate', 'CreateDate', 'Credential', 'DateLastModified', 'DefaultDatabase', 'DenyWindowsLogin', 'ID', 'IsDisabled', 'IsLocked', 'IsPasswordExpired', 'IsSystemObject', 'Language', 'LanguageAlias', 'LoginType', 'MustChangePassword', 'Name', 'PasswordExpirationEnabled', 'PasswordPolicyEnforced', 'Sid', 'WindowsLoginAccessType')
        }
        
        else
        {
            # 2012 and above
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Database], 'ReplicationOptions','ActiveConnections', 'AvailabilityDatabaseSynchronizationState', 'AvailabilityGroupName', 'BrokerEnabled', 'Collation', 'CompatibilityLevel', 'ContainmentType', 'CreateDate', 'ID', 'IsAccessible', 'IsFullTextEnabled', 'IsMirroringEnabled', 'IsUpdateable', 'LastBackupDate', 'LastDifferentialBackupDate', 'LastLogBackupDate', 'Name', 'Owner', 'PrimaryFilePath', 'ReadOnly', 'RecoveryModel', 'Status', 'Trustworthy', 'Version')
            $server.SetDefaultInitFields([Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Login], 'AsymmetricKey', 'Certificate', 'CreateDate', 'Credential', 'DateLastModified', 'DefaultDatabase', 'DenyWindowsLogin', 'ID', 'IsDisabled', 'IsLocked', 'IsPasswordExpired', 'IsSystemObject', 'Language', 'LanguageAlias', 'LoginType', 'MustChangePassword', 'Name', 'PasswordExpirationEnabled', 'PasswordHashAlgorithm', 'PasswordPolicyEnforced', 'Sid', 'WindowsLoginAccessType')
        }
    }
    
    return $server
}

Function Test-SqlConnection
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Exported function. Tests a the connection to a single instance and shows the output.

.EXAMPLE
Test-SqlConnection sql01

Sample output:

Local PowerShell Enviornment

Windows : 10.0.10240.0
PowerShell : 5.0.10240.16384
CLR : 4.0.30319.42000
SMO : 13.0.0.0
DomainUser : True
RunAsAdmin : False

SQL Server Connection Information

ServerName : sql01
BaseName : sql01
InstanceName : (Default)
AuthType : Windows Authentication (Trusted)
ConnectingAsUser : ad\dba
ConnectSuccess : True
SqlServerVersion : 12.0.2370
AddlConnectInfo : N/A
RemoteServer : True
IPAddress : 10.0.1.4
NetBIOSname : SQLSERVER2014A
RemotingAccessible : True
Pingable : True
DefaultSQLPortOpen : True
RemotingPortOpen : True
#>
    
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $username = $SqlCredential.username
    if ($username -ne $null)
    {
        $username = $username.TrimStart("\")
        if ($username -like "*\*") { throw "Only SQL Logins can be specified when using the Credential parameter. To connect as to SQL Server a different Windows user, you must start PowerShell as that user." }
    }
    
    # Get local enviornment
    Write-Output "Getting local enivornment information"
    $localinfo = @{ } | Select Windows, PowerShell, CLR, SMO, DomainUser, RunAsAdmin
    $localinfo.Windows = [environment]::OSVersion.Version.ToString()
    $localinfo.PowerShell = $PSVersionTable.PSversion.ToString()
    $localinfo.CLR = $PSVersionTable.CLRVersion.ToString()
    $smo = (([AppDomain]::CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies() | Where-Object { $_.Fullname -like "Microsoft.SqlServer.SMO,*" }).FullName -Split ", ")[1]
    $localinfo.SMO = $smo.TrimStart("Version=")
    $localinfo.DomainUser = $env:computername -ne $env:USERDOMAIN
    $localinfo.RunAsAdmin = ([Security.Principal.WindowsPrincipal][Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent()).IsInRole([Security.Principal.WindowsBuiltInRole] "Administrator")
    
    # SQL Server
    if ($SqlServer.GetType() -eq [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server]) { $SqlServer = $SqlServer.Name.ToString() }
    
    $serverinfo = @{ } | Select ServerName, BaseName, InstanceName, AuthType, ConnectingAsUser, ConnectSuccess, SqlServerVersion, AddlConnectInfo, RemoteServer, IPAddress, NetBIOSname, RemotingAccessible, Pingable, DefaultSQLPortOpen, RemotingPortOpen
    
    $serverinfo.ServerName = $sqlserver
    
    Write-Output "Determining SQL Server base address"
    $baseaddress = $sqlserver.Split("\")[0]
    try { $instance = $sqlserver.Split("\")[1] }
    catch { $instance = "(Default)" }
    if ($instance -eq $null) { $instance = "(Default)" }
    
    if ($baseaddress -eq "." -or $baseaddress -eq $env:COMPUTERNAME)
    {
        $ipaddr = "."
        $hostname = $env:COMPUTERNAME
        $baseaddress = $env:COMPUTERNAME
    }
    
    $serverinfo.BaseName = $baseaddress
    $remote = $baseaddress -ne $env:COMPUTERNAME
    $serverinfo.InstanceName = $instance
    $serverinfo.RemoteServer = $remote
    
    Write-Output "Resolving IP address"
    try
    {
        $hostentry = [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostEntry($baseaddress)
        $ipaddr = ($hostentry.AddressList | Where-Object { $_ -notlike '169.*' } | Select -First 1).IPAddressToString
    }
    catch { $ipaddr = "Unable to resolve" }
    
    $serverinfo.IPAddress = $ipaddr
    
    Write-Output "Resolving NetBIOS name"
    try
    {
        $hostname = (Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration -Filter IPEnabled=TRUE -ComputerName $ipaddr -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue).PSComputerName
        if ($hostname -eq $null) { $hostname = (nbtstat -A $ipaddr | Where-Object { $_ -match '\<00\> UNIQUE' } | ForEach-Object { $_.SubString(4, 14) }).Trim() }
    }
    catch { $hostname = "Unknown" }
    
    $serverinfo.NetBIOSname = $hostname
    
    
    if ($remote -eq $true)
    {
        # Test for WinRM #Test-WinRM neh
        Write-Output "Checking remote acccess"
        winrm id -r:$hostname 2>$null | Out-Null
        if ($LastExitCode -eq 0) { $remoting = $true }
        else { $remoting = $false }
        
        $serverinfo.RemotingAccessible = $remoting
        
        Write-Output "Testing raw socket connection to PowerShell remoting port"
        $tcp = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient
        try
        {
            $tcp.Connect($baseaddress, 135)
            $tcp.Close()
            $tcp.Dispose()
            $remotingport = $true
        }
        catch { $remotingport = $false }
        
        $serverinfo.RemotingPortOpen = $remotingport
    }
    
    # Test Connection first using Test-Connection which requires ICMP access then failback to tcp if pings are blocked
    Write-Output "Testing ping to $baseaddress"
    $testconnect = Test-Connection -ComputerName $baseaddress -Count 1 -Quiet
    
    $serverinfo.Pingable = $testconnect
    
    # SQL Server connection
    
    if ($instance -eq "(Default)")
    {
        Write-Output "Testing raw socket connection to default SQL port"
        $tcp = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient
        try
        {
            $tcp.Connect($baseaddress, 1433)
            $tcp.Close()
            $tcp.Dispose()
            $sqlport = $true
        }
        catch { $sqlport = $false }
        $serverinfo.DefaultSQLPortOpen = $sqlport
    }
    else { $serverinfo.DefaultSQLPortOpen = "N/A" }
    
    $server = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server $SqlServer

    try
    {
        if ($SqlCredential -ne $null)
        {
            $authtype = "SQL Authentication"
            $username = ($SqlCredential.username).TrimStart("\")
            $server.ConnectionContext.LoginSecure = $false
            $server.ConnectionContext.set_Login($username)
            $server.ConnectionContext.set_SecurePassword($SqlCredential.Password)
        }
        else
        {
            $authtype = "Windows Authentication (Trusted)"
            $username = "$env:USERDOMAIN\$env:username"
        }
    }
    catch
    {
        $authtype = "Windows Authentication (Trusted)"
        $username = "$env:USERDOMAIN\$env:username"
    }
    
    $serverinfo.ConnectingAsUser = $username
    $serverinfo.AuthType = $authtype
    
    
    Write-Output "Attempting to connect to $SqlServer as $username "
    try
    {
        $server.ConnectionContext.ConnectTimeout = 10
        $server.ConnectionContext.Connect()
        $connectSuccess = $true
        $version = $server.Version.ToString()
        $addlinfo = "N/A"
        $server.ConnectionContext.Disconnect()
    }
    catch
    {
        $connectSuccess = $false
        $version = "N/A"
        $addlinfo = $_.Exception
    }
    
    $serverinfo.ConnectSuccess = $connectSuccess
    $serverinfo.SqlServerVersion = $version
    $serverinfo.AddlConnectInfo = $addlinfo
    
    Write-Output "`nLocal PowerShell Enviornment"
    $localinfo | Select Windows, PowerShell, CLR, SMO, DomainUser, RunAsAdmin
    
    Write-Output "SQL Server Connection Information`n"
    $serverinfo | Select ServerName, BaseName, InstanceName, AuthType, ConnectingAsUser, ConnectSuccess, SqlServerVersion, AddlConnectInfo, RemoteServer, IPAddress, NetBIOSname, RemotingAccessible, Pingable, DefaultSQLPortOpen, RemotingPortOpen
    
}

<#
                
        All functions below are internal to the module and cannot be executed via command line.
                
#>


Function Connect-AsServer
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function that creates SMO server object. Input can be text or SMO.Server.
#>
    
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [object]$AsServer,
        [switch]$ParameterConnection
    )
    
    if ($AsServer.GetType() -eq [Microsoft.AnalysisServices.Server])
    {
        
        if ($ParameterConnection)
        {
            $paramserver = New-Object Microsoft.AnalysisServices.Server
            $paramserver.Connect("Data Source=$($AsServer.Name);Connect Timeout=2")
            return $paramserver
        }
        
        if ($AsServer.Connected -eq $false) { $AsServer.Connect("Data Source=$($AsServer.Name);Connect Timeout=3") }
        return $AsServer
    }
    
    $server = New-Object Microsoft.AnalysisServices.Server
    
    try
    {
        if ($ParameterConnection)
        {
            $server.Connect("Data Source=$AsServer;Connect Timeout=2")
        }
        else { $server.Connect("Data Source=$AsServer;Connect Timeout=3") }
    }
    catch
    {
        $message = $_.Exception.InnerException
        $message = $message.ToString()
        $message = ($message -Split '-->')[0]
        $message = ($message -Split 'at System.Data.SqlClient')[0]
        $message = ($message -Split 'at System.Data.ProviderBase')[0]
        throw "Can't connect to $asserver`: $message "
    }
    
    return $server
}

Function Invoke-SmoCheck
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Checks for PowerShell SMO version vs SQL Server's SMO version.

#>
    
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [object]$SqlServer
    )
    
    if ($script:smocheck -ne $true)
    {
        $script:smocheck = $true
        $smo = (([AppDomain]::CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies() | Where-Object { $_.Fullname -like "Microsoft.SqlServer.SMO,*" }).FullName -Split ", ")[1]
        $smo = ([version]$smo.TrimStart("Version=")).Major
        $serverversion = $SqlServer.version.major
        
        if ($serverversion - $smo -gt 1)
        {
            Write-Warning "Your version of SMO is $smo, which is significantly older than $($sqlserver.name)'s version $($SqlServer.version.major)."
            Write-Warning "This may present an issue when migrating certain portions of SQL Server."
            Write-Warning "If you encounter issues, consider upgrading SMO."
        }
    }
}


Function Get-OfflineSqlFileStructure
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Returns dictionary object that contains file structures for SQL databases.

#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 0)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 1)]
        [string]$dbname,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 2)]
        [object]$filelist,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 3)]
        [bool]$ReuseSourceFolderStructure,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    
    $destinationfiles = @{ };
    $logfiles = $filelist | Where-Object { $_.Type -eq "L" }
    $datafiles = $filelist | Where-Object { $_.Type -ne "L" }
    $filestream = $filelist | Where-Object { $_.Type -eq "S" }
    
    if ($filestream)
    {
        $sql = "select coalesce(SERVERPROPERTY('FilestreamConfiguredLevel'),0) as fs"
        $fscheck = $server.databases['master'].ExecuteWithResults($sql)
        if ($fscheck.tables.fs -eq 0) { return $false }
    }
    
    # Data Files
    foreach ($file in $datafiles)
    {
        # Destination File Structure
        $d = @{ }
        if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure -eq $true)
        {
            $d.physical = $file.PhysicalName
        }
        else
        {
            $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $server data
            $filename = Split-Path $($file.PhysicalName) -leaf
            $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
        }
        
        $d.logical = $file.LogicalName
        $destinationfiles.add($file.LogicalName, $d)
    }
    
    # Log Files
    foreach ($file in $logfiles)
    {
        $d = @{ }
        if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
        {
            $d.physical = $file.PhysicalName
        }
        else
        {
            $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $server log
            $filename = Split-Path $($file.PhysicalName) -leaf
            $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
        }
        
        $d.logical = $file.LogicalName
        $destinationfiles.add($file.LogicalName, $d)
    }
    
    return $destinationfiles
}

Function Get-SqlFileStructure
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Returns custom object that contains file structures on destination paths (\\sqlserver\m$\mssql\etc\etc\file.mdf) for
source and destination servers.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 0)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$source,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, Position = 1)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$destination,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 2)]
        [bool]$ReuseSourceFolderStructure,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SourceSqlCredential,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$DestinationSqlCredential
    )
    
    $sourceserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Source -SqlCredential $SourceSqlCredential
    $source = $sourceserver.DomainInstanceName
    $destserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Destination -SqlCredential $DestinationSqlCredential
    $destination = $destserver.DomainInstanceName
    
    $sourcenetbios = Resolve-NetBiosName $sourceserver
    $destnetbios = Resolve-NetBiosName $destserver
    
    $dbcollection = @{ };
    
    foreach ($db in $sourceserver.databases)
    {
        $dbstatus = $db.status.toString()
        if ($dbstatus.StartsWith("Normal") -eq $false) { continue }
        $destinationfiles = @{ }; $sourcefiles = @{ }
        
        # Data Files
        foreach ($filegroup in $db.filegroups)
        {
            foreach ($file in $filegroup.files)
            {
                # Destination File Structure
                $d = @{ }
                if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                {
                    $d.physical = $file.filename
                }
                else
                {
                    $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver data
                    $filename = Split-Path $($file.filename) -leaf
                    $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
                }
                $d.logical = $file.name
                $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $destnetbios $d.physical
                $destinationfiles.add($file.name, $d)
                
                # Source File Structure
                $s = @{ }
                $s.logical = $file.name
                $s.physical = $file.filename
                $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $sourcenetbios $s.physical
                $sourcefiles.add($file.name, $s)
            }
        }
        
        # Add support for Full Text Catalogs in SQL Server 2005 and below
        if ($sourceserver.VersionMajor -lt 10)
        {
            foreach ($ftc in $db.FullTextCatalogs)
            {
                # Destination File Structure
                $d = @{ }
                $pre = "sysft_"
                $name = $ftc.name
                $physical = $ftc.RootPath
                $logical = "$pre$name"
                if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
                {
                    $d.physical = $physical
                }
                else
                {
                    $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver data
                    if ($destserver.VersionMajor -lt 10) { $directory = "$directory\FTDATA" }
                    $filename = Split-Path($physical) -leaf
                    $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
                }
                $d.logical = $logical
                $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $destnetbios $d.physical
                $destinationfiles.add($logical, $d)
                
                # Source File Structure
                $s = @{ }
                $pre = "sysft_"
                $name = $ftc.name
                $physical = $ftc.RootPath
                $logical = "$pre$name"
                
                $s.logical = $logical
                $s.physical = $physical
                $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $sourcenetbios $s.physical
                $sourcefiles.add($logical, $s)
            }
        }
        
        # Log Files
        foreach ($file in $db.logfiles)
        {
            $d = @{ }
            if ($ReuseSourceFolderStructure)
            {
                $d.physical = $file.filename
            }
            else
            {
                $directory = Get-SqlDefaultPaths $destserver log
                $filename = Split-Path $($file.filename) -leaf
                $d.physical = "$directory\$filename"
            }
            $d.logical = $file.name
            $d.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $destnetbios $d.physical
            $destinationfiles.add($file.name, $d)
            
            $s = @{ }
            $s.logical = $file.name
            $s.physical = $file.filename
            $s.remotefilename = Join-AdminUnc $sourcenetbios $s.physical
            $sourcefiles.add($file.name, $s)
        }
        
        $location = @{ }
        $location.add("Destination", $destinationfiles)
        $location.add("Source", $sourcefiles)
        $dbcollection.Add($($db.name), $location)
    }
    
    $filestructure = [pscustomobject]@{ "databases" = $dbcollection }
    return $filestructure
}

Function Get-SqlDefaultPaths
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Returns the default data and log paths for SQL Server. Needed because SMO's server.defaultpath is sometimes null.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$filetype,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    
    switch ($filetype) { "mdf" { $filetype = "data" } "ldf" { $filetype = "log" } }
    
    if ($filetype -eq "log")
    {
        # First attempt
        $filepath = $server.DefaultLog
        # Second attempt
        if ($filepath.Length -eq 0) { $filepath = $server.Information.MasterDbLogPath }
        # Third attempt
        if ($filepath.Length -eq 0)
        {
            $sql = "select SERVERPROPERTY('InstanceDefaultLogPath') as physical_name"
            $filepath = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteScalar($sql)
        }
    }
    else
    {
        # First attempt
        $filepath = $server.DefaultFile
        # Second attempt
        if ($filepath.Length -eq 0) { $filepath = $server.Information.MasterDbPath }
        # Third attempt
        if ($filepath.Length -eq 0)
        {
            $sql = "select SERVERPROPERTY('InstanceDefaultDataPath') as physical_name"
            $filepath = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteScalar($sql)
        }
    }
    
    if ($filepath.Length -eq 0) { throw "Cannot determine the required directory path" }
    $filepath = $filepath.TrimEnd("\")
    return $filepath
}


Function Get-SqlSaLogin
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Gets the name of the sa login in case someone changed it.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    $sa = $server.Logins | Where { $_.id -eq 1 }
    
    return $sa.name
    
}

Function Join-AdminUnc
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Parses a path to make it an admin UNC.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$servername,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$filepath
        
    )
    
    if (!$filepath) { return }
    if ($filepath.StartsWith("\\")) { return $filepath }
    
    if ($filepath.length -gt 0 -and $filepath -ne [System.DbNull]::Value)
    {
        $newpath = Join-Path "\\$servername\" $filepath.replace(':', '$')
        return $newpath
    }
    else { return }
}

Function Test-SqlSa
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Ensures sysadmin account access on SQL Server.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    try
    {
        
        if ($SqlServer.GetType() -eq [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server])
        {
            return ($SqlServer.ConnectionContext.FixedServerRoles -match "SysAdmin")
        }
        
        $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
        return ($server.ConnectionContext.FixedServerRoles -match "SysAdmin")
    }
    catch { return $false }
}

Function Resolve-NetBiosName
{
 <#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Takes a best guess at the NetBIOS name of a server.
 #>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    $servernetbios = $server.ComputerNamePhysicalNetBIOS
    
    if ($servernetbios -eq $null)
    {
        $servernetbios = ($server.name).Split("\")[0]
        $servernetbios = $servernetbios.Split(",")[0]
    }
    
    return $($servernetbios.ToLower())
}

Function Resolve-SqlIpAddress
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    $servernetbios = $server.ComputerNamePhysicalNetBIOS
    $ipaddr = (Test-Connection $servernetbios -count 1).Ipv4Address
    return $ipaddr
}


Function Restore-Database
{
<#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Internal function. Restores .bak file to SQL database. Creates db if it doesn't exist. $filestructure is
    a custom object that contains logical and physical file locations.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$dbname,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$backupfile,
        [string]$filetype = "Database",
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$filestructure,
        [switch]$norecovery = $true,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    $servername = $server.name
    $server.ConnectionContext.StatementTimeout = 0
    $restore = New-Object "Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Restore"
    $restore.ReplaceDatabase = $true
    
    foreach ($file in $filestructure.values)
    {
        $movefile = New-Object "Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.RelocateFile"
        $movefile.LogicalFileName = $file.logical
        $movefile.PhysicalFileName = $file.physical
        $null = $restore.RelocateFiles.Add($movefile)
    }
    
    try
    {
        
        $percent = [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.PercentCompleteEventHandler] {
            Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -percentcomplete $_.Percent -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", $_.Percent))
        }
        $restore.add_PercentComplete($percent)
        $restore.PercentCompleteNotification = 1
        $restore.add_Complete($complete)
        $restore.ReplaceDatabase = $true
        $restore.Database = $dbname
        $restore.Action = $filetype
        $restore.NoRecovery = $norecovery
        $device = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.BackupDeviceItem
        $device.name = $backupfile
        $device.devicetype = "File"
        $restore.Devices.Add($device)
        
        Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -percentcomplete 0 -status ([System.String]::Format("Progress: {0} %", 0))
        $restore.sqlrestore($server)
        Write-Progress -id 1 -activity "Restoring $dbname to $servername" -status "Complete" -Completed
        
        return $true
    }
    catch
    {
        Write-Error "Restore failed: $($_.Exception)"
        return $false
    }
}

Function Test-SqlAgent
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Checks to see if SQL Server Agent is running on a server.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    if ($SqlServer.GetType() -ne [Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server])
    {
        $SqlServer = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    }
    
    if ($SqlServer.JobServer -eq $null) { return $false }
    try { $null = $SqlServer.JobServer.script(); return $true }
    catch { return $false }
}

Function Update-SqlDbOwner
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Updates specified database dbowner.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$source,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$destination,
        [string]$dbname,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SourceSqlCredential,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$DestinationSqlCredential
    )
    
    $sourceserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Source -SqlCredential $SourceSqlCredential
    $destserver = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $Destination -SqlCredential $DestinationSqlCredential
    
    $source = $sourceserver.DomainInstanceName
    $destination = $destserver.DomainInstanceName
    
    if ($dbname.length -eq 0)
    {
        $databases = ($sourceserver.Databases | Where-Object { $destserver.databases.name -contains $_.name -and $_.IsSystemObject -eq $false }).Name
    }
    else { $databases = $dbname }
    
    foreach ($dbname in $databases)
    {
        $destdb = $destserver.databases[$dbname]
        $dbowner = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].owner
        
        if ($destdb.owner -ne $dbowner)
        {
            if ($destdb.Status -ne 'Normal') { Write-Output "Database status not normal. Skipping dbowner update."; continue }
            
            if ($dbowner -eq $null -or $destserver.logins[$dbowner] -eq $null)
            {
                try
                {
                    $dbowner = ($destserver.logins | Where-Object { $_.id -eq 1 }).Name
                }
                catch
                {
                    $dbowner = "sa"
                }
            }
            
            try
            {
                if ($destdb.ReadOnly -eq $true)
                {
                    $changeroback = $true
                    Update-SqlDbReadOnly $destserver $dbname $false
                }
                
                $destdb.SetOwner($dbowner)
                Write-Output "Changed $dbname owner to $dbowner"
                
                if ($changeroback)
                {
                    Update-SqlDbReadOnly $destserver $dbname $true
                    $changeroback = $null
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                Write-Error "Failed to update $dbname owner to $dbowner."
            }
        }
        else { Write-Output "Proper owner already set on $dbname" }
    }
}

Function Update-SqlDbReadOnly
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Updates specified database to read-only or read-write. Necessary because SMO doesn't appear to support NO_WAIT.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [string]$dbname,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [bool]$readonly
    )
    
    if ($readonly)
    {
        $sql = "ALTER DATABASE [$dbname] SET READ_ONLY WITH NO_WAIT"
    }
    else
    {
        $sql = "ALTER DATABASE [$dbname] SET READ_WRITE WITH NO_WAIT"
    }
    
    try
    {
        $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
        $null = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteNonQuery($sql)
        Write-Output "Changed ReadOnly status to $readonly for $dbname on $($server.name)"
        return $true
    }
    catch
    {
        Write-Error "Could not change readonly status for $dbname on $($server.name)"
        return $false
    }
}

Function Remove-SqlDatabase
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Uses SMO's KillDatabase to drop all user connections then drop a database. $server is
an SMO server object.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [string]$DBName,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    
    try
    {
        $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
        $server.KillDatabase($dbname)
        $server.refresh()
        Write-Output "Successfully dropped $dbname on $($server.name)"
    }
    catch
    {
        try
        {
            $server.databases[$dbname].Drop()
            Write-Output "Successfully dropped $dbname on $($server.name)"
        }
        catch
        {
            try
            {
                $null = $server.ConnectionContext.ExecuteNonQuery("DROP DATABASE $dbname")
                Write-Output "Successfully dropped $dbname on $($server.name)"
            }
            catch { return $false }
        }
    }
}


Function Get-SaLoginName
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [Alias("ServerInstance", "SqlInstance")]
        [object]$SqlServer,
        [System.Management.Automation.PSCredential]$SqlCredential
    )
    

    $server = Connect-SqlServer -SqlServer $SqlServer -SqlCredential $SqlCredential
    $saname = ($server.logins | Where-Object { $_.id -eq 1 }).Name
    
    return $saname
}

Function Write-Exception
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Internal function. Writes exception to disk (my docs\dbatools-exceptions.txt) for later analysis.
#>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [object]$e
    )
    
    $docs = [Environment]::GetFolderPath("mydocuments")    
    $errorlog = "$docs\dbatools-exceptions.txt"
    $message = $e.Exception
    
    if ($e.Exception.InnerException -ne $null) { $messsage = $e.Exception.InnerException }
    
    $message = $message.ToString()
    Add-Content $errorlog $(Get-Date)
    Add-Content $errorlog $message
    Write-Warning "See error log $(Resolve-Path $errorlog) for more details."
}

Function Update-SqlPermissions
{
 <#
 
.SYNOPSIS
 Internal function. Updates permission sets, roles, database mappings on server and databases

 #>

    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$sourceserver,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$sourcelogin,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$destserver,
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
        [object]$destlogin
    )
    
    $destination = $destserver.DomainInstanceName
    $source = $sourceserver.DomainInstanceName
    $username = $sourcelogin.name
    
    # Server Roles: sysadmin, bulklogin, etc
    foreach ($role in $sourceserver.roles)
    {
        $rolename = $role.name
        $destrole = $destserver.roles[$rolename]
        if ($destrole -ne $null)
        {
            try { $destrolemembers = $destrole.EnumMemberNames() }
            catch { $destrolemembers = $destrole.EnumServerRoleMembers() }
        }
        try { $rolemembers = $role.EnumMemberNames() }
        catch { $rolemembers = $role.EnumServerRoleMembers() }
        if ($rolemembers -contains $username)
        {
            if ($destrole -ne $null)
            {
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Adding $username to $rolename server role"))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        $destrole.AddMember($username)
                        Write-Output "Added $username to $rolename server role."
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Failed to add $username to $rolename server role."
                        Write-Exception $_
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        # Remove for Syncs
        if ($rolemembers -notcontains $username -and $destrolemembers -contains $username -and $destrole -ne $null)
        {
            If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Adding $username to $rolename server role"))
            {
                try
                {
                    $destrole.DropMember($username)
                    Write-Output "Removed $username from $destrolename server role on $($destserver.name)."
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Warning "Failed to remove $username from $destrolename server role on $($destserver.name)."
                    Write-Exception $_
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    $ownedjobs = $sourceserver.JobServer.Jobs | Where { $_.OwnerLoginName -eq $username }
    foreach ($ownedjob in $ownedjobs)
    {
        if ($destserver.JobServer.Jobs[$ownedjob.name] -ne $null)
        {
            If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Changing job owner to $username for $($ownedjob.name)"))
            {
                try
                {
                    Write-Output "Changing job owner to $username for $($ownedjob.name)"
                    $destownedjob = $destserver.JobServer.Jobs | Where { $_.name -eq $ownedjobs.name }
                    $destownedjob.set_OwnerLoginName($username)
                    $destownedjob.Alter()
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Warning "Could not change job owner for $($ownedjob.name)"
                    Write-Exception $_
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    if ($sourceserver.versionMajor -ge 9 -and $destserver.versionMajor -ge 9)
    {
        # These operations are only supported by SQL Server 2005 and above.
        # Securables: Connect SQL, View any database, Administer Bulk Operations, etc.
        
        $perms = $sourceserver.EnumServerPermissions($username)
        foreach ($perm in $perms)
        {
            $permstate = $perm.permissionstate
            if ($permstate -eq "GrantWithGrant") { $grantwithgrant = $true; $permstate = "grant" }
            else { $grantwithgrant = $false }
            $permset = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.ServerPermissionSet($perm.permissiontype)
            If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Performing $permstate on $($perm.permissiontype) for $username"))
            {
                try
                {
                    $destserver.PSObject.Methods[$permstate].Invoke($permset, $username, $grantwithgrant)
                    Write-Output "Successfully performed $permstate $($perm.permissiontype) to $username"
                }
                catch
                {
                    Write-Warning "Failed to $permstate $($perm.permissiontype) to $username"
                    Write-Exception $_
                }
            }
            
            # for Syncs
            $destperms = $destserver.EnumServerPermissions($username)
            foreach ($perm in $destperms)
            {
                $permstate = $perm.permissionstate
                $sourceperm = $perms | Where-Object { $_.PermissionType -eq $perm.Permissiontype -and $_.PermissionState -eq $permstate }
                if ($sourceperm -eq $null)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Performing Revoke on $($perm.permissiontype) for $username"))
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            $permset = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.ServerPermissionSet($perm.permissiontype)
                            if ($permstate -eq "GrantWithGrant") { $grantwithgrant = $true; $permstate = "grant" }
                            else { $grantwithgrant = $false }
                            $destserver.PSObject.Methods["Revoke"].Invoke($permset, $username, $false, $grantwithgrant)
                            Write-Output "Successfully revoked $($perm.permissiontype) from $username"
                        }
                        catch
                        {
                            Write-Warning "Failed to revoke $($perm.permissiontype) from $username"
                            Write-Exception $_
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        # Credential mapping. Credential removal not currently supported for Syncs.
        $logincredentials = $sourceserver.credentials | Where-Object { $_.Identity -eq $sourcelogin.name }
        foreach ($credential in $logincredentials)
        {
            if ($destserver.Credentials[$credential.name] -eq $null)
            {
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Adding $($credential.name) to $username"))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        $newcred = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Credential($destserver, $credential.name)
                        $newcred.identity = $sourcelogin.name
                        $newcred.Create()
                        Write-Output "Successfully created credential for $username"
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Failed to create credential for $username"
                        Write-Exception $_
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    if ($destserver.versionMajor -lt 9) { Write-Warning "Database mappings skipped when destination is SQL Server 2000"; continue }
    
    # For Sync, if info doesn't exist in EnumDatabaseMappings, then no big deal.
    foreach ($db in $destlogin.EnumDatabaseMappings())
    {
        $dbname = $db.dbname
        $destdb = $destserver.databases[$dbname]
        $sourcedb = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname]
        $dbusername = $db.username; $dblogin = $db.loginName
        
        if ($sourcedb -ne $null)
        {
            if ($sourcedb.users[$dbusername] -eq $null -and $destdb.users[$dbusername] -ne $null)
            {
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Dropping $dbusername from $dbname on destination."))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        $destdb.users[$dbusername].Drop()
                        Write-Output "Dropped user $dbusername (login: $dblogin) from $dbname on destination. User may own a schema."
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Failed to drop $dbusername ($dblogin) from $dbname on destination."
                        Write-Exception $_
                    }
                }
            }
            
            # Remove user from role. Role removal not currently supported for Syncs.
            # TODO: reassign if dbo, application roles
            foreach ($destrole in $destdb.roles)
            {
                $destrolename = $destrole.name
                $sourcerole = $sourcedb.roles[$destrolename]
                if ($sourcerole -ne $null)
                {
                    if ($sourcerole.EnumMembers() -notcontains $dbusername -and $destrole.EnumMembers() -contains $dbusername)
                    {
                        if ($dbusername -ne "dbo")
                        {
                            If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Dropping $username from $destrolename database role on $dbname"))
                            {
                                try
                                {
                                    $destrole.DropMember($dbusername)
                                    $destdb.Alter()
                                    Write-Output "Dropped username $dbusername (login: $dblogin) from $destrolename on $destination"
                                }
                                catch
                                {
                                    Write-Warning "Failed to remove $dbusername from $destrolename database role on $dbname."
                                    Write-Exception $_
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            
            # Remove Connect, Alter Any Assembly, etc
            $destperms = $destdb.EnumDatabasePermissions($username)
            $perms = $sourcedb.EnumDatabasePermissions($username)
            # for Syncs
            foreach ($perm in $destperms)
            {
                $permstate = $perm.permissionstate
                $sourceperm = $perms | Where-Object { $_.PermissionType -eq $perm.Permissiontype -and $_.PermissionState -eq $permstate }
                if ($sourceperm -eq $null)
                {
                    If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Performing Revoke on $($perm.permissiontype) for $username on $dbname on $destination"))
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            $permset = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.DatabasePermissionSet($perm.permissiontype)
                            if ($permstate -eq "GrantWithGrant") { $grantwithgrant = $true; $permstate = "grant" }
                            else { $grantwithgrant = $false }
                            $destdb.PSObject.Methods["Revoke"].Invoke($permset, $username, $false, $grantwithgrant)
                            Write-Output "Successfully revoked $($perm.permissiontype) from $username on $dbname on $destination"
                        }
                        catch
                        {
                            Write-Warning "Failed to revoke $($perm.permissiontype) from $username on $dbname on $destination"
                            Write-Exception $_
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    # Adding database mappings and securables
    foreach ($db in $sourcelogin.EnumDatabaseMappings())
    {
        $dbname = $db.dbname
        $destdb = $destserver.databases[$dbname]
        $sourcedb = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname]
        $dbusername = $db.username; $dblogin = $db.loginName
        
        if ($destdb -ne $null)
        {
            if ($destdb.users[$dbusername] -eq $null)
            {
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Adding $dbusername to $dbname"))
                {
                    $sql = $sourceserver.databases[$dbname].users[$dbusername].script() | Out-String
                    $sql = $sql -replace [Regex]::Escape("'$source'"), [Regex]::Escape("'$destination'")
                    try
                    {
                        $destdb.ExecuteNonQuery($sql)
                        Write-Output "Added user $dbusername (login: $dblogin) to $dbname"
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Failed to add $dbusername ($dblogin) to $dbname on $destination."
                        Write-Exception $_
                    }
                }
            }
            
            # Db owner
            If ($sourcedb.owner -eq $username)
            {
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Changing $dbname dbowner to $username"))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        $result = Update-SqlDbOwner $sourceserver $destserver -dbname $dbname
                        if ($result -eq $true)
                        {
                            Write-Output "Changed $($destdb.name) owner to $($sourcedb.owner)."
                        }
                        else { Write-Warning "Failed to update $($destdb.name) owner to $($sourcedb.owner)." }
                    }
                    catch { Write-Warning "Failed to update $($destdb.name) owner to $($sourcedb.owner)." }
                }
            }
            
            # Database Roles: db_owner, db_datareader, etc
            foreach ($role in $sourcedb.roles)
            {
                if ($role.EnumMembers() -contains $username)
                {
                    $rolename = $role.name
                    $destdbrole = $destdb.roles[$rolename]
                    
                    if ($destdbrole -ne $null -and $dbusername -ne "dbo" -and $destdbrole.EnumMembers() -notcontains $username)
                    {
                        If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Adding $username to $rolename database role on $dbname"))
                        {
                            try
                            {
                                $destdbrole.AddMember($username)
                                $destdb.Alter()
                                Write-Output "Added $username to $rolename database role on $dbname."
                                
                            }
                            catch
                            {
                                Write-Warning "Failed to add $username to $rolename database role on $dbname."
                                Write-Exception $_
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            
            # Connect, Alter Any Assembly, etc
            $perms = $sourcedb.EnumDatabasePermissions($username)
            foreach ($perm in $perms)
            {
                $permstate = $perm.permissionstate
                if ($permstate -eq "GrantWithGrant") { $grantwithgrant = $true; $permstate = "grant" }
                else { $grantwithgrant = $false }
                $permset = New-Object Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.DatabasePermissionSet($perm.permissiontype)
                If ($Pscmdlet.ShouldProcess($destination, "Performing $permstate on $($perm.permissiontype) for $username on $dbname"))
                {
                    try
                    {
                        $destdb.PSObject.Methods[$permstate].Invoke($permset, $username, $grantwithgrant)
                        Write-Output "Successfully performed $permstate $($perm.permissiontype) to $username on $dbname"
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        Write-Warning "Failed to perform $permstate on $($perm.permissiontype) for $username on $dbname."
                        Write-Exception $_
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}